Chemical synthesis of super messenger RNA medicine.

Messenger RNAmRNAmedicine was urgently approved in 2020 as a vaccine for COVID-19 . However, current mRNA therapeutics are not fully established, with challenges remaining in translation efficiency and drug delivery system. Therefore, further research is needed to adapt mRNA therapeutics to other diseases. Furthermore, the preparation of mRNA drugs is time-consuming and costly because of the biological methods used. Our laboratory has been working on chemical methods to solve these issues. In this paper, we introduce chemical modifications and novel capping reactions as a method to improve the translation efficiency of mRNA and the introduction of disulfide modification to oligonucleotide therapeutics as an effort on the drug delivery system.Copyright © 2023, Japan Society of Drug Delivery System. All rights reserved.

Mechanism of interferon induction by cannabidiol (CBD) and analogues in lung cancer cells

CBD, an FDA approved drug for epilepsy, may have therapeutic potential for other diseases and is currently being tested for efficacy in cancer-related clinical trials. As the literature about CBD, especially in vitro reports, is often contradictory, increasing our understanding of its specific action on a molecular level will allow to determine whether CBD can become a useful therapy or exacerbates specific cancers in a context-dependent manner. Due to its relative lipophilicity, CBD is challenging to dispense at therapeutic concentrations;therefore, one goal is to identify cannabinoid congeners with greater efficacy and reduced drug delivery challenges. We recently showed that CBD activates interferons as a mechanism of inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication in lung carcinoma cells. As factors produced by the innate immune system, interferons have been implicated in both pro-survival and growth arrest and apoptosis signaling in cancer. Here we show that CBD induces interferon production and interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) through a mechanism involving NRF2 and MAVS in lung carcinoma cells. We also show that CBDV, which differs from CBD by 2 fewer aliphatic tail carbons, has limited potency, suggesting that CBD specifically interacts with one or more cellular proteins rather than having a non-specific effect. We also identified other CBD-related cannabinoids that are more effective at inducing ISGs. Taken together, these results characterize a novel mechanism by which CBD activates the innate immune system in lung cancer cells and identify related cannabinoids that have possible therapeutic potential in cancer treatment.

Nanosponges: As a Dynamic Drug Delivery Approach for Targeted Delivery

Recent advancements in nanotechnology have resulted in improved medicine delivery to the target site. Nanosponges are three-dimensional drug delivery systems that are nanoscale in size and created by cross-linking polymers. The introduction of Nanosponges has been a significant step toward overcoming issues such as drug toxicity, low bioavailability, and predictable medication release. Using a new way of nanotechnology, nanosponges, which are porous with small sponges (below one microm) flowing throughout the body, have demonstrated excellent results in delivering drugs. As a result, they reach the target place, attach to the skin's surface, and slowly release the medicine. Nanosponges can be used to encapsulate a wide range of medicines, including both hydrophilic and lipophilic pharmaceuticals. The medication delivery method using nanosponges is one of the most promising fields in pharmacy. It can be used as a biocatalyst carrier for vaccines, antibodies, enzymes, and proteins to be released. The existing study enlightens on the preparation method, evaluation, and prospective application in a medication delivery system and also focuses on patents filed in the field of nanosponges.Copyright © 2023 The Authors.

ID: 218414 Queen Mary University London Postgraduate Certification in Neuromodulation- Accreditation in Neuromodulation

Introduction: There is a distinct unmet need in structured, curriculum based, unbiased education in neuromodulation. Current teaching is through sporadic industry workshops, cadaver courses and peer proctorship. The COVID pandemic has created a unique opportunity where online platforms have enabled education to be delivered remotely in both synchronous and asynchronously. The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University, London, UK have initiated University based accreditation- Post Graduate Certificate in neuromodulation (PGCert) that provides candidate a qualification in one academic year through part-time study. Method(s): The program underwent rigorous staged university approval process (figure 1). To ensure market feasibility, two short proof of concept CPD programs "Executive Education in Neuromodulation (EEPIN)" were delivered in 2021. These courses attracted 87 candidates across Australia, Singapore, India, Germany, Poland, Czech Republic, Ireland, and UK. The faculty includes key opinion leaders that will deliver the program ensuring the candidates gain academic background and specialist skills to understand safe practice of neuromodulation. The PGCert advisory board has been established to ensure strict governance in terms of content and unbiased delivery confirming ACCME guidance. In order to obtain PGCert, candidates are required to complete 4 x 15 credit modules (60 credits). The four modules include Anatomy & Neurophysiology;Patient care and Procedurals skills;Devices and available technology;Intrathecal drug delivery for cancer and non-cancer pain. The modular nature of the program is designed to provide cumulative knowledge, from basic science to clinical application in line with the best available evidence. The modules comprise nine lectures, spreading over three consecutive days, followed by a written assignment with 40 direct contact hours in each module. The webpage can be accessed at Results: The anonymous data from EEPIN reported on Likert scale 1-5: Objectives defined 30.6% - 4 and 69.4% -5;Relevance of topics 10.2%- 4 and 89.8% -5;Content of presentations 22.4%- 4 and 77.6% -5;Organization 24.5% -4 and 69.4% -5;Candidate faculty interaction 14.3% -4 and 81.6% -5. 97% of the EEPIN candidates recommended the program to others whilst 81.8% expressed their strong interest to enroll for university-based post graduate qualification if offered. Conclusion(s): This PGcert Neuromodulation is a unique, university accredited program that provides qualification in neuromodulation with access to a flexible online e-learning platform to discuss and exchange ideas, share knowledge in candidate's own time. This will support the ongoing need for formal curriculum-based education in neuromodulation. Disclosure: Kavita Poply, PHD: None, Phillippe Rigoard: None, Jan Kallewaard, MD/PhD: None, FRANK J.P.M. HUYGEN, MD PhD: ABBOTT: Speakers Bureau:, Saluda: Consulting Fee:, Boston Scientific: Consulting Fee:, Grunenthal: Speakers Bureau:, Pfizer: Speakers Bureau:, Ashish Gulve, FRCA, FFPMRCA, FFPMCAI, DPMed, FCARCSI, MD, MBBS: None, Ganesan Baranidharan, FRCA: None, Sam ELDABE, MD, FRCA, FFPMRCA: Medtronic: Consulting Fee:, Medtronic: Contracted Research:, Mainstay Medical: Consulting Fee:, Saluda Medical: Consulting Fee:, Boston Scientific: Contracted Research:, Saluda Medical: Contracted Research:, James Fitzgerald, MA,PhD: St Jude Medical: Consultant: Self, Medtronic: Consulting Fee:, UCB: Contracted Research:, Merck: Contracted Research:, Serge Nikolic, MD: None, Stana Bojanic, BSc MBBS FRCS (SN): Abbott: Contracted Research:, Habib Ellamushi: None, Paresh Doshi, MS MCh: None, Preeti Doshi, MBBS, MD, FRCA: None, Babita Ghai, MBBS, MD, DNB: None, Marc Russo, MD: Presidio Medical: Ownership Interest:, Saluda Medical: Ownership Interest:, Boston Scientific: Contracted Research: Self, Mainstay Medical: Contracted Research: Self, Medtronic: Contracted Research: Self, Nevro: Contracted Research: Self, Saluda Medical: Contracted Research: Self, Presidio Medical: Contracted Research: Self, Freedom Ne ro: Ownership Interest - Own Stocks: Self, Lungpacer: Ownership Interest - Own Stocks: Self, SPR Therapeutics: Ownership Interest - Own Stocks: Self, Lawrence Poree, MD,MPH,PHD: Medtronic: Consulting Fee: Self, Saluda Medical: Contracted Research: Family, Nalu Medical: Contracted Research: Family, Gimer Medical: Consulting Fee: Self, Nalu Medical: Consulting Fee: Self, Saluda Medical: Consulting Fee: Self, Nalu: Ownership Interest:, Saluda Inc: Ownership Interest:, Alia Ahmad: None, Alaa Abd Sayed, MD: Medtronic, Abbott, SPR and StimWave: Consulting Fee:, Salim Hayek, MD,PhD: None, CHRISTOPHER GILLIGAN, MD MBA: Persica: Consulting Fee: Self, Saluda: Consulting Fee: Self, Mainstay Medical: Contracted Research: Self, Sollis Therapeutics: Contracted Research: Self, Iliad Lifesciences, LLC: Owner: individuals with legal ownership in a company:, Vivek Mehta: NoneCopyright © 2023

Allergic reactions of COVID-19 vaccine based on mRNA-LNP and its pharmacokinetics in vivo.

Vaccination has been proved to be the most effective strategy to prevent the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The mRNA vaccine based on nano drug delivery system (NDDS) - lipid nanoparticles (LNP) has been widely used because of its high effectiveness and safety. Although there have been reports of severe allergic reactions caused by mRNA-LNP vaccines, the mechanism and components of anaphylaxis have not been completely clarified yet. This review focuses on two mRNA-LNP vaccines, BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273. After summarizing the structural characteristics, potential allergens, possible allergic reaction mechanism, and pharmacokinetics of mRNA and LNP in vivo, this article then reviews the evaluation methods for patients with allergic history, as well as the regulations of different countries and regions on people who should not be vaccinated, in order to promote more safe injection of vaccines. LNP has become a recognized highly customizable nucleic acid delivery vector, which not only shows its value in mRNA vaccines, but also has great potential in treating rare diseases, cancers and other broad fields in the future. At the moment when mRNA-LNP vaccines open a new era of nano medicine, it is expected to provide some inspiration for safety research in the process of research, development and evaluation of more nano delivery drugs, and promote more nano drugs successfully to market.Copyright © 2023, Chinese Pharmaceutical Association. All rights reserved.

Pectin-Derived Drug Delivery Systems in Respiratory Diseases

The heart, liver, lungs, brain and kidney are the five most highly perfused organs. Incidentally, they are the ones prone to many diseases and disorders. There has been a phenomenal rise in lung diseases in the recent past which can be attributed to rising levels of environmental pollution, smoking and other lifestyle problems. The cytokine storm experienced in the COVID-19-affected population was a recent challenge faced by physicians around the globe. Scientists have tried different methods and delivery systems for effective delivery of drugs to the lungs. Pectin-based drug delivery systems have also been tried and tested suc- cessfully. This chapter will focus on the bumps and humps in the use of pectin as an effective polymer in delivering therapeutics to the lungs and management of various respiratory disorders. © The Author (s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023.

Nanomedicine "New Food for an Old Mouth": Novel Approaches for the Treatment of COVID-19

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by coronavirus. Devel-oping specific drugs for inhibiting replication and viral entry is crucial. Several clinical trial studies are underway to evaluate the efficacy of anti-viral drugs for COVID-19 patients. Nanomedicine formulations can present a novel strategy for targeting the virus life cycle. Nano-drug delivery systems can modify the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics properties of anti-viral drugs and reduce their adverse effects. Moreover, nanocarriers can directly exhibit anti-viral effects. A number of nanocarriers have been studied for this purpose, including liposomes, dendrimers, exosomes and decoy nanoparticles (NPs). Among them, decoy NPs have been considered more as nanodecoys can efficiently protect host cells from the infection of SARS-CoV-2. The aim of this review article is to highlight the probable nanomedicine therapeutic strategies to develop anti-viral drug delivery systems for the treatment of COVID-19.Copyright © 2023 Bentham Science Publishers.

Exosomes/EVs: BIOXOME: A NATURAL LIPOSOME MIMETIC AS DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Background & Aim: Liposomes are spherical-shaped vesicles composed of one or more lipid bilayers. The ability of liposomes to encapsulate hydro- or lipophilic drugs allowed these vesicles to become a useful drug delivery system. Natural cell membranes, such as Bioxome, have newly emerged as new source of materials for molecular delivery systems. Bioxome are biocompatible and GMP-compliant liposome-like membrane that can be produced from more than 200 cell types. Bioxome self-assemble, with in-process self-loading capacity and can be loaded with a variety of therapeutic compounds. Once close to the target tissue, Bioxome naturally fuse with the cell membrane and release the inner compound. Orgenesis is interested in evaluating the potential of Bioxome as new drug delivery system for treatment of several diseases, including skin repair, local tumour or COVID19. Methods, Results & Conclusion(s): Bioxome were obtained from adipose- derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells, with a process of organic- solvent lipid extraction, followed by lyophilization and sonication assemblage. During the sonication process, Bioxome were charged or not with several cargos. Size distribution of empty Bioxome was detected by Particle Size Analyzer (NanoSight). Electron Microscopy (EM) was performed to assess Bioxome morphology. Lipid content was evaluated by electrospray ionization system. Dose response in vitro test on human lung fibroblasts treated or not with Bioxome encapsulating a specific cargo (API) against COVID19 were performed. NanoSight analysis showed that nanoparticle size in Bioxome samples ranged between 170+/-50 nm, with a concentration ranging between 109-1010+/-106 particles/mL. EM clearly showed the double phospholipid layers that composes the Bioxome. Stability study demonstrated that Bioxome are stable in size and concentration up to 90 days at +4Cdegree or even at RT. No change in size between encapsulated Bioxome with small size (~340 Da) cargo vs empty Bioxome was observed up to 30 days storage. Lipidomic analysis approach revealed that the yield of lipids and their composition are satisfactory for a therapeutic product using Bioxome. Lastly, in the in vitro model of COVID19, Bioxome encapsulating API effectively saved cells from death (20x vs untreated cells) and at lower doses of API than these of non-encapsulated cargo (0.005 microM vs 0.1 microM). Bioxome seems to be an excellent candidate for liposome mimetic tool as drug delivery system for targeting specific organs and diseases treatment.Copyright © 2023 International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy

Advances in approved nucleic acid drugs and lipid nanoparticle system.

Nucleic acids, as a next generation of biotechnology drugs, not only can fundamentally treat diseases, but also own significant platform characteristics in view of technology and production. Therefore, nucleic acid-based drugs have broad clinical applications in biomedical fields. However, nucleic acids are degradable and unstable, and have very low intracellular delivery efficiency in vitro and in vivo, which greatly limits their applications. In recent years, ionizable lipid-based lipid nanoparticles have shown promising application potentials and have been successfully applied to COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) vaccines in clinic. Lipid nanoparticles demonstrate high in vivo delivery efficiency and good safety profile due to their unique structural and physicochemical properties, which provides many possibilities for their clinical applications for nucleic acid delivery in the future. This review focused on the characteristics of nucleic acid drugs and their delivery barriers, and discussed the approved nucleic acid drugs to illustrate the key aspects of the success of their delivery carrier system. In addition, problems to be solved in the field were highlighted.Copyright © 2023, Chinese Pharmaceutical Association. All rights reserved.

Erythrocytes: Member of the immune system that should not be ignored.

Erythrocytes are the most abundant type of cells in the blood and have a relatively simple structure when mature; they have a long life-span in the circulatory system. The primary function of erythrocytes is as oxygen carriers; however, they also play an important role in the immune system. Erythrocytes recognize and adhere to antigens and promote phagocytosis. The abnormal morphology and function of erythrocytes are also involved in the pathological processes of some diseases. Owing to the large number and immune properties of erythrocytes, their immune functions should not be ignored. Currently, research on immunity is focused on immune cells other than erythrocytes. However, research on the immune function of erythrocytes and the development of erythrocyte-mediated applications is of great significance. Therefore, we aimed to review the relevant literature and summarize the immune functions of erythrocytes.

Allergic reactions of COVID-19 vaccine based on mRNA-LNP and its pharmacokinetics in vivo

Vaccination has been proved to be the most effective strategy to prevent the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The mRNA vaccine based on nano drug delivery system (NDDS) - lipid nanoparticles (LNP) has been widely used because of its high effectiveness and safety. Although there have been reports of severe allergic reactions caused by mRNA-LNP vaccines, the mechanism and components of anaphylaxis have not been completely clarified yet. This review focuses on two mRNA-LNP vaccines, BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273. After summarizing the structural characteristics, potential allergens, possible allergic reaction mechanism, and pharmacokinetics of mRNA and LNP in vivo, this article then reviews the evaluation methods for patients with allergic history, as well as the regulations of different countries and regions on people who should not be vaccinated, in order to promote more safe injection of vaccines. LNP has become a recognized highly customizable nucleic acid delivery vector, which not only shows its value in mRNA vaccines, but also has great potential in treating rare diseases, cancers and other broad fields in the future. At the moment when mRNA-LNP vaccines open a new era of nano medicine, it is expected to provide some inspiration for safety research in the process of research, development and evaluation of more nano delivery drugs, and promote more nano drugs successfully to market.Copyright © 2023, Chinese Pharmaceutical Association. All rights reserved.

Chemical synthesis of super messenger RNA medicine

Messenger RNA(mRNA)medicine was urgently approved in 2020 as a vaccine for COVID-19 . However, current mRNA therapeutics are not fully established, with challenges remaining in translation efficiency and drug delivery system. Therefore, further research is needed to adapt mRNA therapeutics to other diseases. Furthermore, the preparation of mRNA drugs is time-consuming and costly because of the biological methods used. Our laboratory has been working on chemical methods to solve these issues. In this paper, we introduce chemical modifications and novel capping reactions as a method to improve the translation efficiency of mRNA and the introduction of disulfide modification to oligonucleotide therapeutics as an effort on the drug delivery system.Copyright © 2023, Japan Society of Drug Delivery System. All rights reserved.

Quality Improvement Project: Improving Osteoporosis Treatment for Patients with a Neck of Femur Fracture

Background/Aims The Fracture Liaison Service (FLS) identifies patients >50 who have sustained a fragility fracture (FF). These patients need prompt assessment and decision on appropriate treatment for osteoporosis in order to reduce their risk of sustaining further FFs. Without treatment, 1/5 patients can go on to have a further FFs which carry significant risk to mortality and morbidity. Zoledronate is a bone agent that halves the risk of another FF. Patients with a neck of femur fracture (#NOF) present as one of the most at-risk groups for a further FF. These patients are generally elderly and frail and attendance to outpatient hospital appointments are difficult. Therefore, transforming the FLS from an out-patient-based service, to one that is streamlined to systematically identify and opportunistically treat patients whilst they are still in hospital means delivering timely, effective and efficient patient-centred care. Methods We used various Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles to aim to deliver Zoledronate to>=90% of appropriately assessed in-patients >60 who have had a #NOF within a year of commencing QIP. Results PDSA cycle 1-Involvement of ortho-geriatrician: P-Improve working relationship with ortho-geriatrician with an interest in bone health over a 6-month period;D-Regular meetings with wider MDT;S-Priority of bone health assessments made greater through ward round documentation;A-Expand knowledge throughout the wider ortho-geriatrician team. PDSA cycle 2-Timing of Zoledronate delivery: P-Literature review regarding delivery of Zoledronate timing;D-Discuss as MDT;SNo evidence to suggest delay in fracture healing if given on day 7;AAdopted process and communicated. PDSA cycle 3-FLS team on the wards as a result of PDSA cycle 2 not improving treatment outcomes: P-FLS nurses to join ortho-geriatrician ward round twice-weekly for 3- month trial period;D-Bank holidays and spike in Covid cases presented a challenge. Solution: Improvement of MDT relationships;S-At the end of the trial period an increase in patients who received treatment was shown and proved our prediction;A-Adaptation to documentation in FLS to streamline and reduce duplication. Conclusion The ability to deliver Zoledronate to>=90% of appropriate patients with a #NOF as an inpatient was reached after 8 months of initiating QIP. Furthermore, maintaining this was consistently achieved throughout the following year and beyond. A few of the main reasons for this included earlier drug delivery, having a dedicated ortho-geriatrician as part of the FLS, and the FLS team attending the wards. A prompt bone health assessment of patients has enabled appropriate treatment to be delivered efficiently. The delivery of Zoledronate as an in-patient has meant that a significantly greater proportion of patients receive treatment, and sooner, in comparison to awaiting an outpatient assessment (that they may not attend). Therefore, this QIP has demonstrated time- and cost-effective management of patients with #NOF requiring Zoledronate.

Aerosol Medication Use in COVID-19 Pandemic

Administration of aerolized drugs to patients diagnosed with COVID-19 leads to the risk of transmission of patient-generated infectious aerosols to healthcare providers.While the COVID-19 pandemic is ongoing, in order to provide the best treatment for patients and at the same time to protect healthcare providers at the highest level, it is necessary to increase access to information and pay maximum attention to preventive measures.Copyright © 2020 Bilimsel Tip Yayinevi. All rights reserved.

Analytical and biomedical applications of microfluidics in traditional Chinese medicine research

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has significant benefits in the prevention and treatment of diseases due to its unique theoretical system and research techniques. However, there are still key issues to be resolved in the full interpretation and use of TCM, such as vague active compounds and mechanism of action. Therefore, it is promising to promote the research on TCM through innovative strategies and advanced cutting-edge technologies. Microfluidic chips have provided controllable unique platforms for biomedical applications in TCM research with flexible composition and large-scale integration. In this review, the analysis and biomedical applications of microfluidics in the field of TCM are highlighted, including quality control of Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs), delivery of CHMs, evaluation of pharmacological activity as well as disease diagnosis. Finally, potential challenges and prospects of existing microfluidic technologies in the inheritance and innovation of TCM are discussed.Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V.

A comprehensive review on the diagnosis and testing strategies for coronavirus disease

The COVID-19 outbreak has fashioned to severe threat to each and every individual in social and economic aspects in the country. This required improved wisdom to know how it is different and dominant, to diagnose and determine effective vaccines to avoid the transmission of these deadly causative agents. From this review, the probable property of these deadly transmissible viruses is related to that of SARS-CoV-2 as a fright zone of viruses. It also provides some sparks about effective and accurate diagnosis and treatment strategies. The effective management and control of panic zone of virus (PZV) and SARS-CoV-2 are more important to reduce the pandemic situation.Copyright © 2023 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Sirna-A Potential Therapy for Covid-19 Infection

Background: The deadly virus COVID-19 has affected more than 1 crore people and claimed more than 5 lakh lives worldwide according to the World health organization. Though there are numerous treatment modalities available including anti-bacterials, antivirals, vaccines etc., none of them can be considered as effective cure for SARS CoV-2 virus as they are mostly non-specific in action. Aim(s): siRNA therapy can be considered as a significant treatment modality due to its specificity in action. The aim of this review is to explore siRNA as a potential treatment strategy for the treatment of COVID-19. Material(s) and Method(s): In this review we shall explore the targets of siRNA therapy which includes viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, helicase, protease and nucleoprotein N. siRNA related patents provide solutions for novel RNAi techniques, high expense of chemically synthetic siRNA, techniques for restraining SARS-CoV by disturbing RNA etc., siRNA-based drug delivery systems and limitations of nanocarrier delivery system were reviewed. siRNA is a gene silencer that targets highly conserved sequences which codes for protease 3CL (nsp5) and viral helicase (from 16-18 kbp). Conclusion(s): Thus, siRNA-based therapy is considered highly efficacious as it can hit the highly conserved regions of SARS-CoV-2 RNA.Copyright © 2023, Advanced Scientific Research. All rights reserved.

Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery Systems: Roles, Advantages and Disadvantages

Nanotechnology is a new and rapidly evolving subject in the pharmacological and therapeutic professions. Nanoparticles have many advantages as medication delivery systems, including increased efficacy and fewer adverse drug reactions. This study investigated the roles of nanomedicine and drug delivery systems in the pharmaceutical industry, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of nanotechnology. The study used a qualitative research technique, with online survey questionnaires sent to medical professionals and experts in the field of nanomedicine. These surveys comprised open-ended questions that enabled respondents to record their responses in whatever way they deemed fit. The ten respondents were from a variety of medical and health institutes, as well as medical consulting firms. In terms of results, the research established that nanomedicine had been used in medical care for therapy and diagnostic purposes. They are being explored in clinical trials for several reasons. Nanoparticles are used to treat renal disease, Tuberculosis, skin problems, Alzheimer's disease, and various types of cancer and to create COVID-19 vaccines. Further information about the study findings may be found in the results and discussion chapter.Copyright © 2022 Dr. Yashwant Research Labs Pvt. Ltd.. All rights reserved.

SARS-CoV-2 Kerala Isolate Spike Protein Induces Cancer Proliferating Markers for Lung and Breast Cancer: An In Silico Approach

Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID 19) has been emerging as a major threat to humans all over the world. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (nSARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent for the disease resulting in severe acute respiratory illness. Earlier, it took several years to come up with a vaccine or other sorts of treatments for viral diseases. But now with the advent of biotechnology and development of bio-informatic tools, the process has been accelerated. The WHO reports 39,806,488 affected cases and 1,112,208 deaths till today all over the world (17 Oct 2020). nSARS-CoV-2 has a greater influence on people with comorbidities mainly cancer. Objective(s): The study herein attempts to understand the binding affinity of the spike protein of the novel coronavirus with the lung and breast cancer marker proteins by docking and ClusPro analysis. Method(s): The analysis was conducted in reference to hACE2 (human Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2), the receptor of nSARS-CoV-2. Total 22 different marker proteins were analyzed using ClusPro. Result(s): BRCA1 (Breast Cancer type 1 susceptibility protein) and CXCR4 (a chemokine receptor belong-ing to the G protein coupled receptor family) were found to exhibit higher binding affinities.-73.82 kcal/mol and-66.45 kcal/mol were the global energies they showed upon binding to S protein respective-ly. Conclusion(s): Therefore, novel SARS-CoV-2 has a higher chance of inducing cancer in non-cancerous individuals and aids in cancer acceleration in cancer patients. This poses a threat to cancer patients and immunocompromised individuals. The study can be exploited to identify the optimal drug delivery system for novel SARS CoV2.Copyright © 2022 Bentham Science Publishers.